Macro-etching examination provides detailed information about metal structure such as grain size, inclusions, segregation, flow line, columnar structure and dendrites to reveal the metal's microstructure. Macro-etching is used extensively in the fabrication of metals to reveal potential problems with the weld for quality control. The common problems that can be revealed by macro-etching examination include defects in the weld metal, such as porosity or inclusions; defects in the heat-affected zone, such as carburization / decarburization, carbide precipitation or intergranular corrosion; and surface defects, such as slag inclusions or surface roughness.